Understanding EU Institutions: A Guide for EPSO Candidates

Understanding EU institutions is fundamental for EPSO candidates. Here are the main institutions and what they do.

The European Commission

The EU's executive body. It proposes legislation, implements decisions, and upholds EU treaties. One Commissioner per Member State, led by a President. Often called the "guardian of the treaties."

The European Parliament

The directly elected legislative body. 705 MEPs elected every five years. Together with the Council, it adopts EU legislation and the budget.

The Council of the European Union

Also called the Council of Ministers. National government ministers meet to adopt laws and coordinate policies. Composition changes by policy area. Presidency rotates every six months.

The European Council

Do not confuse with the Council of the EU. Heads of state and government set overall political direction. Has a permanent President. Does not legislate directly.

The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU)

Ensures EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly. Includes the Court of Justice and the General Court.

The European Court of Auditors

Checks that EU funds are collected and spent correctly. One member per Member State.

The European Central Bank (ECB)

Manages the euro and sets monetary policy for the eurozone. Independent from EU institutions. Based in Frankfurt.

Key Exam Tip

EPSO often tests whether you can distinguish between institutions with similar names (Council of the EU vs European Council) and understand which does what in the legislative process.